Milk scandal sours China's 'soft power'
By Willy Lam
China's formidable state machinery was able to stage the largest Olympics in
history and to have a "Taikonaut" perform a 20-minute spacewalk last week. Yet
the world-scale scandal emanating from contaminated milk products has exposed
the worsening malaise in the country's political and administrative structure.
As of early October, four children died and more than 60,000 children were
sickened after having consumed milk powder tainted with melamine, an illegal
chemical used by farmers to fake the protein content of their milk. Not only
rich countries such as the United States and Britain, but also Asian and
African nations ranging from Singapore and Vietnam to Gabon and Ghana, have
banned Chinese-made dairy goods and a wide range of biscuits and candies made
with Chinese ingredients.
More than a dozen big-name manufacturers within China's $20 billion dairy
industry - as well as the country's food safety regulatory system - have been
found guilty of either conniving in the use of the chemical or failing to spot
the malpractice, according to reports.
The milk powder scandal has dealt a severe blow to the "made in China" brand
even as the growth of China's exports - the most important driver of the
Chinese economy - has been slowed by economic downturn in its major markets.
More significantly, China's export of tainted milk products - which has come on
the heels of contaminated cosmetics and pet food as well as dangerous toys and
furniture - has severely damaged the goodwill and "soft power" that the Chinese
Communist Party (CCP) has tried to gain through multi-billion dollar
"prestige-engineering projects" such as the 2008 Beijing Olympics and the 2010
Shanghai World Expo.
In an emotional meeting with the parents of children who had fallen sick after
imbibing tainted milk, Premier Wen Jiabao said he felt "very guilty" about the
poisoned milk, adding "I sincerely apologize to all of you."
While appearing at the United Nations General Assembly as well as the World
Economic Forum (WEF), Wen assured the international community of Beijing's
ability to fix the problem. Referring to the milk disaster, Wen said at the WEF
last weekend: "This issue is not over yet, but please be assured that we will
soon unveil plans to boost the food industry. My government and I will lead our
people through this hard journey."
While Wen has a well-deserved reputation as a "premier who puts people first",
his words may not sound that convincing. Only weeks after the Beijing Olympics,
China has witnessed man-made disasters of gargantuan proportions.
More than 250 residents in Xiangfen County, Shanxi province, perished in a
mudslide in early September. The accident was triggered by the collapse of the
retaining wall of an illegal mining dump containing tons of liquid iron ore
waste. In nearby Henan province, 37 miners were killed in an accident in
Dengfeng County. The cause of the disaster was again lax regulations and poor
inspection. Then came the fire in Wu Wang Nightclub, an illegal, unlicensed
outfit in Shenzhen, the boomtown just across the border from Hong Kong.
Forty-three revelers, including five day-trippers from Hong Kong, perished.
Even assuming that party and government authorities are really serious this
time, they face an uphill battle in eradicating unscrupulous and malfeasant
manufacturers and businessmen in China. A key reason behind the recent spate of
scandals is that particularly in the provinces and cities, entrepreneurs and
regional officials enjoy cozy relationships. And this is not solely because
large corporations are major tax contributors.
Sanlu Dairy Co, the epicenter of the milk scandal, contributed 330 million yuan
(US$48.5 million) of taxes to the municipal government of Shijiazhuang, Hebei
province, last year. Many companies invite local officials to become "silent
partners" in their corporations - in return for "protection" rendered by the
powers-that-be.
Former Sanlu chairman Tian Wenhua, for example, is said to be on "comradely
terms" with Shijiazhuang officials. It is perhaps for this reason that Tian was
given the honorary position of deputy to the provincial people's congress.
Similarly, the Wu Wang Nightclub in Shenzhen has been operating without a
license for more than a year. This could only have been possible due to what
Chinese call a "protective umbrella" proffered by well-placed officials in the
city.
Despite the "serve the people" credo of the Hu-Wen administration, supervision
over food and industrial safety remains lax and ridden with loopholes. Last
year, the former director of the State Food and Drug Administration, Zheng
Xiaoyu, was executed for taking bribes from pharmaceutical firms whose shady
products were responsible for the deaths of at least 10 consumers.
The issue of fake or tainted milk powder is not new. In 2004, at least 12
infants died after taking in baby formula with no nutritional value. The
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine
(GAQSIQ), which is responsible for checking milk and related merchandise, has
been aware of the illegal use of melamine for a long time. Just last year,
Chinese-made pet food was banned in the United States because it contained high
dosages of melamine.
Inexplicably, the GAQSIQ has in the past couple of years awarded dairy giants
Sanlu, Meng Niu, and Yili - whose products were found to be tainted with the
chemical - the coveted "famous brand" designation. This status meant their
products were exempted from routine inspection by quality-control watchdogs.
The muddleheaded nature of the Chinese bureaucracy is also evident from rescue
operations mounted by the State Council (or cabinet) in the wake of major
disasters. The modus operandi of choice is setting up a multi-departmental
"emergency leading group" to find out the causes of the mishaps and to
recommend remedial measures. Thus, soon after the milk powder fiasco broke in
early September, Beijing established a leading group consisting of cadre from
seven state units - the Health Ministry, the GAQSIQ, State Administration of
Industry and Commerce, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Public Security,
the State Food and Drug Administration, and the provincial government of Hebei.
This so-called inter-departmental approach to problem-solving has also been
used by the Wen cabinet to tackle illegal land-zoning practices, real-estate
speculation and other malpractices in the regions. For example, the State
Council in early September sent a work group consisting of cadre from several
ministries to check on illegal education charges levied by different provinces.
These units included the National Development and Reform Commission, the
Education Ministry, the Ministry of Supervision, the Ministry of Finance, the
National Audit Administration and the National Press and Publication
Administration.
The simultaneous involvement of several departments reflects the fact that the
line of responsibility is not clear; no one single ministry seems to be in
charge of matters ranging from food safety and education to housing and land
use.
Quite a number of observers believe that the root of bureaucratic malaise lies
in an outdated, non-transparent political structure.
Hu Xingdou, a reformist professor at the Beijing Institute of Technology,
thinks that Beijing must take bold steps to overhaul governance. "Every time
there is an incident, the relevant department takes medicine to cure the
headache. That only fixes the problem, not the system," he indicated. "Now is
the time to transform the way of thinking, to repair the system."
The basic structural shortcoming is excessive concentration of power in the
party. Thanks to the CCP's near-monopoly of most political and economic
resources, there are no meaningful checks and balances within the system.
Institutions that could provide some oversight over party and government
authorities - for example, the legislature, the courts or the media - are
tightly controlled by CCP apparatchiks.
Compounding this endemic malaise is the long-standing tradition - subscribed to
by leaders from Chairman Mao to President Hu - of regarding "upright rulers" as
more important than good systems. For generations, the CCP has been trying to
nurture "virtuous and competent" cadre for leadership posts rather than
designing systems with built-in checks and balances.
The imperative about propagating saintly fumuguan ("parents-like
officials") harks back to the Confucian ideal of a benevolent mandarin. Mao
wanted all cadres to emulate the legendary Lei Feng, the incorruptible,
ultra-altruistic model proletariat. Speaking on the recent spate of horrendous
industrial and food-safety incidents, Hu said late last month in the People's
Daily that this was due to the fact that "some cadres lack a consciousness
about their [proper] goals, knowledge about the overall political requirements,
a [proper] estimation of future dangers, and a sense of responsibility." The
party chief urged senior officials nationwide to "resolutely uphold [the ideal]
that the CCP is based on public service, that administration is for the sake of
the people ... and that cadres must always bear in mind the safety and
well-being of the masses".
An important achievement in personnel reform under the Hu-Wen leadership is the
concept of "cadre responsibility", whereby senior officials have to take
political responsibility for serious "mass incidents". Thus, a number of cadre
either resigned or were fired in the wake of the milk powder scandal. They
included the GAQSIQ director Li Changjiang and the Party Secretary and the
Mayor of Shijiazhuang, respectively Wu Xianguo and Ji Chuntang. In
mid-September, Shanxi Governor Meng Xuenong and Vice-Governor Zhang Jianmin
were sacked due to the mudslide incident. In Henan, the Party Secretary of
Dengfeng County, Zhang Xuejun, received a severe reprimand while Mayor Wu Fumin
was forced to step down.
However, the fate of these disgraced cadre has raised a number of questions
about whether the CCP leadership has followed fair and judicious principles in
meting out punishment. If the governor of Shanxi was sacked for the sorry state
of his provinces' mines, why has Hebei Governor Hu Chunhua escaped censure for
the milk powder scandal?
There is also the question of whether the party chief - or the governor or
major - of a province or city should shoulder responsibility for lapses. The
fall of both the party chiefs and mayors of Shijiazhuang and Dengfeng seems to
indicate that senior members of both the party and government should take the
rap. However, in the case of Shanxi, only the governor and the vice-governor -
but not the more senior-ranked party secretary of the province, Zhang Baoshun -
took the fall.
One explanation is that Hubei's Hu, 45, and Shanxi's Zhang, 58, have been
spared because of their closeness to President Hu. In particular, Hu Chunhua,
who, like the president, is a former head of the Communist Youth League, is
regarded as a possible "core" of China's sixth-generation leadership. The
Hu-Wen leadership's apparent failure to come up with a laudable cadre
responsibility regime is one more illustration of deep-seated woes in the
political structure.
Willy Wo-Lap Lam is a Senior Fellow at The Jamestown Foundation. He is
the author of five books on China, including the recently published Chinese
Politics in the Hu Jintao Era: New Leaders, New Challenges.
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