DISPATCHES FROM
AMERICA The US: Your masters of the universe
By William J Astore
When I first joined the US Air Force, its mission statement was
straightforward: to fly and fight. The recruiting slogan was upbeat: the air
force was "a great way of life" and the Reserve Officers' Training Corps
program I enrolled in was the "gateway to a great way of life".
Mission statements and slogans are easy to poke fun at and shouldn't, perhaps,
be taken too seriously. That said, the people who develop them do take them
seriously, which is why they can't be ignored.
Consider the air force's new slogan: "Air Force - Above All."
Okay, I admit it's catchy, even cute, if, that is, you can get past the "high
ground" conceit and ignore the Germanic uber alles
overtones. Its literal meaning is obvious enough and it does fit with the air
force's most basic precept, that mastery of the air means mastery of the
ground.
Yet today's air force seeks more than that. It wants to extend its "mastery" to
space ("the new high ground") and even to cyberspace. This is yet another
disturbing manifestation of our military's quest for "full spectrum dominance",
achieved at debilitating cost to the American taxpayer - and a potentially
destabilizing one to the planet.
Striving to be "above all" everywhere is ambitious to the point of folly. By
comparison, the slogans of the air force's sister services seem modest. The
poor, embattled army is simply "Army Strong". The navy now promises to
"Accelerate Your Life". Yawn. The US Marines Corps, always faithful, refuse to
tinker with their slogan, which remains: "The Few. The Proud. The Marines."
Meanwhile, the air force soars above such slavish adherence to tradition - as
well as any reasonable sense of boundaries or restraint.
The new slogan may also serve as a reminder to airmen to keep their service
branch "above all" in their hearts and minds - despite the fact that the air
force is currently shedding 40,000 airmen as it tries to pay for a new
generation of high-tech fighter jets. It most certainly is a measure of the
service's determination to deny the use of space to powerful rivals, whether
China, Russia - or the US Navy.
Perhaps the slogan even expresses a certain moral superiority - as in an air
force pilot's comment I once overheard that, when aloft, he felt "morally
superior" to the little people scampering around on the ground below him. High
ground, indeed.
Flying and fighting, Everywhere!
So much for slogans. The air force's new mission statement begins - and do bear
with me for a moment:
The mission of the United States Air Force is to
deliver sovereign options for the defense of the United States of America and
its global interests to fly and fight in air, space and cyberspace.
Flying and fighting in cyberspace sounds exciting - think Neo in The Matrix.
And flying and fighting in space - which might yet come to pass - is so Star
Wars, especially if the "good" side of the force is with you, which it must be
if you're defending America.
But wait. The air force mission statement makes an instant, and anything but
defensive u-turn, and promptly lays out a "vision" of "global vigilance, reach
and power", which, it claims, "orbits around three core competencies:
developing airmen, technology-to-warfighting and integrating operations".
How a vision can orbit three cores I don't know - and I once completed the
"Space Operations Short Course" at the US Air Force Academy. Nonetheless, this
trinity of core competencies somehow enables six "capabilities", which are
unapologetically offensive.
The first of the six is "air and space superiority" with which we "can dominate
enemy operations in all dimensions: land, sea, air and space". Capability
number two turns out to be "global attack", enabling us to "attack anywhere,
anytime and do so quickly and with greater precision than ever before". (In
President George W Bush-speak, we'll kill them there, so they don't kill us
here.)
And when we attack, capability number four, "precision engagement",
theoretically ensures that we put bombs on target, as we used to say in simpler
times. Today's "precision" vision is more prolix: "The essence [of precision
engagement] lies in the ability to apply selective force against specific
targets because the nature and variety of future contingencies demand both
precise and reliable use of military power with minimal risk and collateral
damage."
I pity the recruits who have to recite that mouthful of gobbledygook. As
bloodless and evasive as such prose may be, however, the mission statement
doesn't pull punches about just what "above all" really means. It wields words
like "attack", "force", "power" and, most revealingly, "dominate". They reflect
what matters most in the new air force vision - and by extension, of course,
that of our country. And if you don't believe me, go to the air force website
and click on the icons for "air dominance", "space dominance" and "cyber
dominance".
Death at a distance
Our capability to deliver damage and death across the globe - at virtually no
immediate risk to ourselves - gives extra meaning to the words "above all". But
with great power comes great responsibility, a tagline I learned as a teen from
Spider Man comic strips, but which is no less true for that. The problem is
that our "global reach" often exceeds the grasp of our collective wisdom to
employ "global power" responsibly.
Listen to the air force's own pitch for its "global reach" and "global power"
and you know that today's service is indeed an imperial instrument focused on
"power projection" and "dominance" (with nary a thought of how others may
respond to being dominated). Worse yet, our "capabilities" have so detached us
from delivering death that it's become remarkably close to a video-game-like
exercise.
Twenty-five years ago, I watched a recruiting film that predicted the coming
age of remote-control warfare. And where would the air force find its new
"pilots", the narrator asked rhetorically? The film promptly cut to a 1980s
video arcade, where young teens were blasting away with abandon in games like
Missile Command.
I remember the audience laughing, and it tickled my funny bone as well, but I'm
not so amused anymore. For what was prophesied a generation ago has come true.
Using unmanned drones, armed with missiles and "piloted" by joystick-wielding
warriors, often thousands of miles away from the targets being attacked, the
air force need not risk any aircrew in "battle". Our military speaks blithely,
even with excitement, of "killing 'Bubba' from the skies"; but, in actuality,
what that means is: from air bases tucked safely far behind the lines, whether
in Qatar on the Arabian Peninsula or outside of Las Vegas. (In this case, what
happens in Vegas definitely does not stay in Vegas.)
I'm not suggesting that our Global Hawk, Predator and Reaper (What a name!)
pilots are anything less than dedicated to their assigned missions, including
minimizing "collateral damage". Rather, the technology of unmanned aerial
vehicles itself serves to detach them from their targets. Tracking the enemy,
often with infrared sensors that show people as featureless blobs of
heat-light, how can they not become human versions of the ruthless alien hunter
that blasted its way through Arnold Schwarzenegger's unit in a movie
coincidentally named Predator?
As our weapons technology weakens ground-level empathy and understanding, it
simultaneously emboldens the air force to seek (deceptively) "clean" kills.
It's well known, for example, that, in the opening days of the invasion of
Iraq, in March 2003, the Bush administration tried to "decapitate" Saddam
Hussein and his inner circle with precision weapons. (In fact, only Iraqi
civilians were killed in these coordinated attacks aimed at the Iraqi
leadership as the war began.)
Terrorist networks like al-Qaeda provide even fewer and more elusive
"high-value" targets than do organized governments. Yet, when the US succeeds
with "decapitation" strikes against such networks, new heads often emerge,
hydra-like, especially when "collateral damage" includes dead civilians - and
live avengers.
Control fantasies in space
The air force's vision of total domination used to stop at the stratosphere.
Yet, according to its grandiose website, it now extends "to the shining stars
and beyond". I hesitate to ask what lies beyond. God? Certainly, there's
something unbounded, almost god-like, in the air force's space fantasy.
When it turns to space, the air force readily admits its desire to dominate all
potential foes. As Peter B Teets, a former air force under secretary and
director of the National Reconnaissance Office, declared in 2002, "If we do not
exploit space to the fullest advantage across every conceivable mode of war
fighting, then someone else will - and we allow this at our own peril."
There's nothing surprising about this "king of the hill" mentality. A decade
ago, as a uniformed officer, I attended a space conference in Colorado Springs.
Major topics of discussion included space weaponry already on the drawing board
and being funded. Included were space-based directed energy weapons ("10 to 20
years away" was the prediction then) and "Brilliant Pebbles", a constellation
of thousands of miniature killer-satellites, proposed in the 1980s, that would
be used to intercept ballistic missiles and which, fortunately, went unfielded,
though not for want of lobbying to revive the project.
Much of the argument then - undoubtedly abstruse to outsiders - was about
whether space represented a "revolution in military affairs" or a "strategic
center of gravity". It turned out that it didn't matter. Either way, we clearly
had to seize it and dominate it first, since space, as "the ultimate high
ground", was going to be critical in future wars.
Several enthusiasts called for a new, separate and independent space force, a
fifth service, with its own unique doctrine - an idea the air force has, so
far, fought off valiantly. Among my notes from the occasion was a statement by
General Howell M Estes III, then commander-in-chief, US Space Command, that the
air force simply couldn't afford to lose the space mission - not just to "the
enemy", but to the dreaded US navy and US Army, both of which were, he claimed,
already exploiting space assets more skillfully than the air force.
Dominating space (and again the other services) certainly sounds seductive.
Having worked in the Space Surveillance Center in Cheyenne Mountain, however, I
can tell you that near-Earth orbital space is already overcrowded with
satellites and space junk - and the delicate sensors on these satellites are
highly vulnerable to space shrapnel traveling at 27,000 kilometers per hour.
Explosive battles in space would degrade, rather than enhance, any existing
advantage in space-based intelligence and communication the US does have.
Demilitarizing space is the only sensible strategy, yet it's the one that
promises few lucrative contracts for aerospace firms and no new command billets
for an air force seeking global (and supra-global) dominance.
Closing the empathy gap
As the air force flexes its Earth, space and cyber muscles, we rarely stop to
think of the asymmetrical advantages enjoyed by the military - the overwhelming
advantage in firepower, mobility and technology. This has created what can only
be called an empathy gap.
Fortunately, Americans have never been on the receiving end of a sustained
bombing campaign in this country. Two shocking days excepted - December 7,
1941, at Pearl Harbor (where my uncle dodged aerial strafing at Schofield
barracks), and September 11, 2001, in New York City and Washington - the skies
have always been friendly to us, even the repository of our hopes and dreams.
When fighter jets scream overhead, our first thought isn't "death", it's
display. We look up in curiosity or wonder; we don't panic and run for our
lives. We expect the opening of a sporting event or aerial acrobatics, not the
arrival of "precision guided munitions".
As a result, we have trouble realizing that our ability to soar "above all" and
rain death from the skies generates resistance and revenge, rather than awe and
retreat, or submission and rapprochement. We marvel that our enemies just don't
get the message - but our signals are mixed, and our receivers flawed.
Flying and fighting so far above it all has proven deceptive indeed. It leaves
us with little idea of the new realities we are creating down below, and blind
to the disturbing inequities and resentments generated by our
global/galactic/cyber power.
It turns out that the higher you soar - the more "above all" you perceive
yourself to be - the less likely it is that you'll understand the little people
beneath you, and the more likely it is that those same "little people" will
resent being dominated. And the solution to that problem lies not in dominating
the stars or some other higher physical realm, but in looking within to a
higher moral realm. "Above All" in moral courage - now there's a slogan toward
which I'd willingly soar.
William J Astore, a retired lieutenant colonel (USAF), has taught at the
Air Force Academy and the Naval Postgraduate School. He currently teaches at
the Pennsylvania College of Technology. He is the author of Hindenburg:
Icon of German Militarism (Potomac Press, 2005). He may be reached at wastore@pct.edu.
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