SPEAKING FREELY The Development Deception
By Brendan P O'Reilly
Speaking Freely is an Asia Times Online feature that allows guest writers to have
their say.
Please click hereif you are interested in contributing.
"At present, we are stealing the future, selling it in the present, and calling
it GDP."
- Paul Hawken
There is a dangerous lie that permeates the media, government and general
discourse of nearly every single nation on Earth.
That lie is the Development Deception. This myth is based on three concepts.
First is the distinction between the developed
nations (North America, Western Europe, Australia, New Zealand, South Korea,
and Japan), and the Developing Nations (everywhere else).
The second idea is that "developing" countries can become "developed" through
improved education, stable governance, and opening their markets to trade and
investment. The third leg of this Deception is that such a transformation is
not only possible, but also desirable.
The metric used to distinguish "developed" nations from "developing" nations is
gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. Poor nations aspire to reach a certain
economic level to become so-called "developed nations". The Myth of Development
has four fundamental inter-related flaws. The first one is the problem of the
Gray Area.
The gap between "developed" and "developing" countries is presented as a simple
black-and-white dichotomy. I often hear from my Chinese students say, "China is
a developing country. America is a developed country. We want to become a
developed country."
Fair enough. But which country has high-speed trains? Which country has a
higher unemployment rate? How can the government of a "developed" country owe
trillions of dollars to a "developing" country?
Obviously many nations in Asia and Africa, and Latin America have very serious
structural problems, which could be alleviated through stable government and
educational reform. Very poor countries should aspire to create social and
economic institutions that allow their people to live with dignity.
Nevertheless the rise of new economic powers such as Brazil, India, and
(especially) China, coupled with the massive financial difficulties faced by
Europe, Japan, and the United States, call into question the utility of the
developed/developing dichotomy.
The second problem with the Myth of Development is philosophical. The very term
"development" implies a steady linear progression from poverty and ignorance to
wealth, literacy, and general happiness. This viewpoint is Western in origin,
and alien to many of the world’s cultures.
The idea of the inexorable march of progress has roots in the Judeo-Christian
worldview of time (God creates the world, the world exists, the world ends),
and has been largely co-opted by modern science. We are told to believe that
progress is inevitable, that the quality of life for each new generation will
be better than the life of their parents. Never mind the fact that humanity has
created weapons that empower a handful of political leaders to destroy
civilization itself.
Never mind obesity is now challenging starvation as a cause of premature death.
Of course, the advances made in the last century in curing diseases, increasing
literacy rates, and fighting hunger must be lauded. However, to blindly value
"progress" above all else threatens our very survival as a species.
The third problem with the Development Deception stems from definitions. As
mentioned previously, GDP per capita is the standard the yardstick for
measuring development. This assessment ignores serious social difficulties
faced by the so-called developed nations.
For example, a third of the adult population of the United States of America,
the archetype "developed" nation, suffer from obesity, with another third
classified as overweight. The United States of America also has the dubious
distinction of having the highest incarceration rate of any nation on Earth.
Meanwhile Japan, the paragon of "development" in Asia, has one of the lowest
fertility rates in the world, leading to a rapidly aging population. This
trend, unless dramatically reversed, will exacerbate Japan’s social, economic,
and political crisis, as more retirees put enormous strain on the working
population. Japan’s population is set to shrink by roughly thirty million over
the next four decades (Citation
here). Are these worthy goals for the so-called "developing" nations to
aspire to?
The fourth and final problem with the Myth of Development is a terminal defect.
Citizens in countries such as China and India are encouraged to join the middle
class and live "Western" lifestyles. As benign as it sounds, this goal is
completely impossible. Simply put, there are not enough natural resources on
this planet to sustain such an increase in consumption.
According to World Bank figures, in 2008 Americans, on average, used 87,216
kilowatt hours of electricity. The average Chinese used 18,608 kilowatt hours,
and the average Indian 6,280. All three countries depend primarily on coal for
electricity. To bridge the gap between these levels of resource utilization of
would entail environmental catastrophe and global shortages on an unimaginable
scale. Coal is just one example - one could also look at oil, lumber, or meat
consumption. Indeed, many of the fundamental challenges facing the world
economic system - such as rising food and fuel costs - are directly related to
economic development.
The Development Deception is perpetuated by international corporations and
national governments. Resource mining, production, and overconsumption are the
basis for the current globalized economic system. Human beings are classified
as "consumers", because overconsumption entails short-term profit.
Rich nations leverage their "developed" status to influence poorer nations,
while the governments of these poor nations use the promise of development to
maintain political power. None of this propaganda changes the fact that it is
grossly misleading for the nations who over-consume the Earth’s finite
resources to be considered developed.
Advocates of The Development Myth may point to science as a savior. We are
constantly told that new inventions will allow for more efficient use of
resources, or allow for sustainable consumption patterns. This argument
provides only false hope. We cannot speculate our way out of environmental
pollution and a collapsing natural resource base. Unless and until new "green"
technology actually exists and is utilized, science is actually exacerbating
ecological disaster.
Recently, the Human Development Index (HDI) has been promoted as a more
"human-centered" alternative to GDP as a metric for measuring development. HDI
uses data on life expectancy, literacy, number of years in school, and GDP to
determine the development status of a country. Although this presents a useful
alterative, the continued use of GDP as a basis for measuring development is
HDI’s fundamental flaw. Unsustainable consumption of finite resources cannot
reasonably be classified as "development".
What is the viable alternative to the Development Myth? Bhutan has advocated
Gross National Happiness as an alternative goal to increasing GDP per capita.
Citizens are asked about their Subjective Well Being in order to establish
Gross National Happiness. Obviously this measurement is difficult to define and
numerate, and ignores problems such as illiteracy and extreme poverty. However,
it does point in the right direction.
Development needs to be redefined in order to account for human physical and
emotional well-being as well as environmental sustainability. Otherwise it is
only a lie, and a dangerous one at that. To seek economic advance at the
expense of human interests and future generations is a recipe for global
disaster.
When extreme wealth is challenging extreme poverty as the bane of human
existence, a revolution of values is needed. We as a species must advance
values of conservation, and teach people to live within the means of the
productive capacity of our planet. No longer can the scramble for nonrenewable
resources be viewed as a zero-sum game. Human beings need to develop solidarity
on a global scale. Citizens of wealthy nations must learn to live with less.
The most important development is that of the individual. Social and spiritual
harmony is the antidote to the Development Deception, for all traditions
encourage compassion and warn of the destructive power of greed. To quote LaoZi
(as translated by D C Lau):
There is no crime greater than having too
many desires;
There is no disaster greater than not being content;
There is no misfortune greater than being covetous.
Hence in being content, one will always have enough.
Brendan
P O'Reilly is a China-based writer and educator from Seattle. He is
author of The Transcendent Harmony.
(Copyright 2011 Brendan P O'Reilly.)
Speaking Freely is an Asia Times Online feature that allows guest writers to have
their say.
Please click hereif you are interested in contributing.
Head
Office: Unit B, 16/F, Li Dong Building, No. 9 Li Yuen Street East,
Central, Hong Kong Thailand Bureau:
11/13 Petchkasem Road, Hua Hin, Prachuab Kirikhan, Thailand 77110
